Julia At Cavalia

Why when I try to make a post private from outsiders, blog uk has to send it around to all of my contacts here. Do I think all of these friends have nothing to do but sit around and read posts that I just don't want outsiders to find. If you got an email about one of my posts, I apologize; didn't mean to trash up your inboxes with posts of my weekend....

http://uk.news.yahoo.com/afp/20070817/tuk-britain-travel-a7ad41d_1.html
LONDON (AFP) - British visitors have put the boot into some of Britain and the world's best-known tourist attractions, branding the likes of Stonehenge and the Eiffel Tower dismal let-downs in a survey out Friday.

A top 10 list of the "most disappointing sights" in Britain was topped by Stonehenge, the mystical, 5,000-year-old standing stones in Wiltshire, south-west England.

The Houses of Parliament's clock tower, commonly called Big Ben after the bell inside, was included, as was the Diana Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain in London's Hyde Park.

On the international list of let-downs, the Eiffel Tower in Paris is ranked the worst, followed by the nearby Louvre museum and Times Square in New York.

Britain's top 10 must-see sights was topped by Alnwick Castle in Northumberland, north-east England, with the Royal Crescent row of Georgian houses in Bath, south-west England and the reconstructed Shakespeare's Globe Theatre in London in the top five.

Leading the world "must-see" table was The Treasury at Petra in Jordan, the Grand Canal in Venice, Italy, the Masai Mara game park in Kenya and Sydney Harbour Bridge.

Virgin Travel Insurance questioned 1,267 adults for the survey.

"It's easy to be swayed by brochures that opt for the mainstream and focus on cliched tourist sights around the world, but many of them are overcrowded and disappointing," said travel expert Felice Hardy.

"Pick carefully and don't always go for the obvious. Natural phenomena are usually more exciting than the man-made, and can be wonderfully free of tourists."

She branded the Eiffel Tower "frustratingly overcrowded and overpriced" and said Stonehenge was "an isolated pile of rocks in a usually muddy field."

She dubbed the Diana fountain "a colourless wet skateboard park" and added of "Big Ben": "Once you've seen it, you'll know what time it is -- time to go somewhere else."

10 most disappointing sights:

WORLD

1. The Eiffel Tower, Paris

2. The Louvre, Paris

3. Times Square, New York

4. Las Ramblas, Barcelona

5. Statue of Liberty, New York

6. Spanish Steps, Rome

7. The White House, Washington

8. The Pyramids, Egypt

9. The Brandenburg Gate, Berlin

10. The Leaning Tower of Pisa

UK

1. Stonehenge, Wiltshire

2. Angel of the North, Gateshead

3. Blackpool Tower

4. Land's End, Cornwall

5. Diana Princess of Wales Memorial Fountain, London

6. The London Eye

7. Brighton Pier

8. Buckingham Palace, London

9. White Cliffs of Dover

10. Big Ben, London

Top 10 must-see sights:

WORLD

1. The Treasury at Petra, Jordan

2. The Grand Canal, Venice

3. The Masai Mara, Kenya

4. Sydney Harbour Bridge

5. Taroko Gorge, Taiwan

6. Kings Canyon, Northern Territory, Australia

7. Cappadoccia caves, Turkey

8. Lake Titicaca, Peru and Bolivia

9. Cable Beach, Broome, Western Australia

10. Jungfraujoch railway, Switzerland

UK

1. Alnwick Castle, Northumberland

2. Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge, Northern Ireland

3. The Royal Crescent, Bath

4. Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, London

5. The Backs, Cambridge

6. Holkham Bay, Norfolk

7. Lyme Regis and the Jurassic Coast, Devon and Dorset

8. Tate St Ives gallery, Cornwall

9. Isle of Skye, Scotland

10. The Eden Project, Cornwall

Heard this song yesterday on Jack FM, and looked it up. It's such a cool one. Country is great:-)

The Devil Went Down To Georgia
by Charlie Daniels Band

This is apparently the real band:

Lyrics:

The devil went down to Georgia
He was looking for a soul to steal
And he was in a bind
'Cause he was way behind
And was willin' to make a deal
When he came upon a boy playing on a fiddle and playin' it hot
And the devil jumped up on a hickory stump and said
"Boy let me tell you what

I bet you didn't know it
but I'm a fiddle player too
And if you care to take a dare
I'll make a bet with you
Now you play a pretty good fiddle boy
But give the devil his due
I'll bet a fiddle of gold against your soul
'Cause I think I'm better than you"

The boy said "My name's Johnny
And it might be a sin
But I'll take your bet, you're gonna regret
'Cause I'm the best that's ever been"

Johnny rosin up your bow and play your fiddle hard
'Cause hell's broke loose in Georgia
And the devil deals the cards
And if you win you get this shiny fiddle made of gold
But if you lose the devil gets your soul

The devil opened up his case and he said
"I'll start this show"
And fire flew from his fingertips
As he rosined up his bow
And he pulled the bow across the strings
And it made an evil hiss
Then a band of demons joined in
And it sounded something like this
(music playing)
When the devil finished Johnny said
"Well you're pretty good ol' son
But sit down in that chair right there
And let me show you how it's done"
Fire on the mountain run boys run
Devil's in the house of the rising sun
Chickens in the breadpan picking out dough
Granny does your dog bite
No child no
(music playing)
The devil bowed his head
Because he knew that he'd been beat
And he laid that golden fiddle
On the ground at Johnny's feet
Johnny said "Devil just come on back
if you ever wanna try again
I done told you once
You son-of-a-bitch
[All the people on youtube were complaining that instead of this line, they've substituted son-of-a-gun...]
I'm the best that's ever been"
He played
Fire on the mountain run boys run
Devil's in the house of the rising sun
Chickens in the breadpan picking out dough
Granny does your dog bite
No child no
(music playing)
The Devil Went Down To Georgia is the sixth (6th) song on the Million Mile Reflections album. It is an original song by Charlie Daniels Band.

This is also creative...

I've been translating Caves of Sequoia & Kings Canyon National Parks--Crystal Cave: America's Favorite Cave for my mother's boyfriend Nick. He's got a tour tomorrow morning, and I just finished at about 10:30 pm. So this is the reason I haven't been updating the FAMOUS PEOPLE IN MY BED PART II, or given out the agenda about our long-departed Israelis. Nor have I described my super-duper camp I've been going to since Monday.

I think it would be a shame not to include 15 Microsoft-Word pages of English-translated-into-Russian-with-Russian-words-in-English-Letters Crystal Cave project, so feel free to skip over the next millenium of paragraphs and have a nice night.

Crystal Sequoia: California’s Favorite Cave
The First People

V pesherah, Amerikanskiye Indeytsi (Native Americans) provodili tseremonii potamuchto Evropeytsi katoriye priehali na Amerikanskuyu zemlu zapretili mestnim ludam zanimatsa svoey religiyoy, i stchitali chto kogda indeytsi govoryat na svoyem yazike ili tantsuyut svoyi plemeniye tantsi, chto oni zagovarivayut vmeste protiv belovo cheloveka. Hector Franco, v molodesti svoyey ,v 1960s, sovershil poezdku vokrug yosimite, iskal pesherki pra kotoriye raskazival emu ego dedushka. Otsi plemen indeyskih doberalis do pesher I soberalis tam podoroge na ohotu, dla treh-dnevnih tseremoniy religiosnih, naprimer kogda dovali novomu mladentsu imya (kak Bistriy Volk, Beliy Klik, Velikiy Veter, Krasivaya Rada Sosna, Mudriy Silniy Kolenka, td…) U vhoda v persheru, narisovani v krastnih pigmentah na kamnyah bili pauchki, skorpioni, I tochki. “Caretakers”, ludi katoriye sledili za persherami iz indeyskih plemen, katoriye mogli SPIRITUALLY znat persheru, uhazhivali za ney, i pererisoovali eti krasniye znachki kogda kraska stanovilas slishkom blekloy…Plemya nazivalos Inyana, ili kak mnogiye seychas ih snayut, Yokut. Ih mif chto oni poyavilis na svet iz pesheri katoraya bila ohranena volshebnimi sabakami, a seychas eta peshera yakobi nahoditsa pod Terminus Dam, u podnozhiya Kaweah Reservoir. Yokuti zhili blisko ot drug druga, v North valley, South Valley, i v Foothills Yokuts.
Inyana/Yokuti, yeli zheludi (acorns), chia semena, i druguyu pishu katoraya bila pomelena melko. Ucheniye eto znayut, i v Crystal Cave a 1980, oni obnaruzhili chelust cheloveka. Srazu bilo ponyatno chto eto chelust prenodlezhala kogdato Native Americans izza togo kak bili stocheni zubi—ot etoy yedi katoroya bila peremolota. Eshe, oni nashli 6 kuskov kostey, prinadlezhavshih k vzroslomu muzhchine 35ti let, I rebenka vozrosta 7mi do 9ti….(strannovato????) no vokrug nih ne mogli nayti bolshe nikokih archiologicheskih obraztsov (SPECIMENS). Archiologi katoriye rabotali nad etoy ariey, iz kompanii InteResources Planning.
Gidi etih pisher zametili sloy CHARCOAL (ugley?) pod slayem “flowstone” chut chut dalzhe vorot Spider Web Gate. Oni zdelali test, I opredelili chto etot Charcoal ot dereva katoroye umerlo mezhdu 1600 i 1820. V 1996, InteResources Scott Carpenter skazal chto charcoal nahodilsa vozle samogo bolshova vhoda v pesheru v meste tam gde naturalniy svet zahodit glubzhe vsevo v pesheru chem. v drugom lubom meste. On napisal (na bumage, pismeno) chto eto mesto otmechaet samoye lutshee mesto v peshere nachat pazhar dla illuminatsii sleduushiy temniy prohod v glubine pesheri dla bolee glubokih ekskursiy v eye gloob.
Franco (vnuk etogo plemini) govarit chto kogda te mudritsi katoriye nabludali nad duhami v etoy peshere umirali, ih tela ili prah bil rassipan po peshere dla schastya i dla togo chto bi oni posle smerti prodolzhali ohranyat pesheru. Ih dushi eshe v etih pesherah do sih por. Kogda ludi zahodyat v eti pesheri oni dolzhni s uvazheniyem k etim velikim mudretsam po ney hodit, no prezhde, oni dolzhni poprosit razresheniye u etih duhov tuda zayti.
Inyani bili samiye perviye ludi (bolee 1000 let nazad) pod zemley v etih pesherah vo vsey Sierra Nevada. Pesheri im bili ochen dorogi—ukritya ot dozhdya, vetra, t.d., dla religioznih tseremoniy mesto, i voobshe otveti na vse voprosi i smisl zhit.

Discovery and Development at Crystal Cave

Vesnoy 1918, Cassius Webster I Alex Medley iz Sequoia Parka, rabochii nad trail (tropinki????) imeli tva dna otpuska, i reshili poehat na ribalku. Oni bili v bolshom vostorge, potamuchto u nih bila sovershenaya svoboda v lubih rechkah territorii. V rekah etih parkov, potchi netu NATIVE rib. Vmesto rib, v rekah , prudah, I ozerparkov v nachale zhili tolko lyagushki, cherepahi, I drugiye organizmi bez pozvonochnika. Ribi took v 1908 poyavilis v vodah parkov. Eti u dvuh tovarishey Cassiusa i Alexa horosho klevala riba, oni prahodili vadopadi, i bolshiye chasti lesa s gustimi ceanothus, chamise, spice bush, and manzanita. No bila vesna i mashkora i vsyakie drugiye byaki eshe ne meshali im, i yarkie zeleniye LEAVES=listya, NE igolki, ukroshali im puut. V Voskreseniya dnem, tolko milu pod Blck Oak Trail, Alex , nahodyavshiysa v Cascade Creek, posmatrel na verh, I uvidel temnoye otkritee za rostenyami. Oni pochuvstvovali prohladniy skvoznyak iz etogo otkritya I reshili razchistit podhod k peshere. Oni bili opyat, eshe v bolshom vostorge chem. ot riblaki, ili ot pokera, i cherez dva dnya, perviy CAVE ENTHUSIAST Superintendednt Walter Fry, priyehal k peshere eye obsledovat, tak kak emu vse raskazali dva brodyachih ribaka.

Ego grupa, v katoroy bilo nekotorih rangerov, i eti Claudius i Alex,( Vi tak dumali chto zavut nashu palmu, a eye zvali nikol  prochistili pesheru hotya bi do Junction Room. Oni uvideli ochen krasivuyu rechku katorya tekla po mramoru, dlinim stalaktitam, I blestyashim kristalnim litsam v speleothems. Eti ludi eshe ne znali chto tut bili pohoroneni Native Americans. Cassius i Alex nazvali etu pesheru Hidden Cave, no potom, uvidev vnutrinost, Superintendant Fry pereimennoval eye Crystal Cave. Segodnya, ludi govoya ob imeno etoy peshere, nazivayut eye Crystal Sequoia Cave, chto bi slushaliti ne putali eye s mnozhestvo drugimi Kaliforniyskih pesher s nazvaniem Crystal. Letom 1918 ogo goda, Superintendent Fry + park ranger Harry Terstegge, + John Grunigen organizovali expeditsiyi v pesheru i exploali bolshuyu chast “main level” pesheri. K Iyulu, Marble Hall, kak prozvali samuyu bolshuyu “komnatu” pesheri, obnaruzhili, + dazhe previli nekotorih turistov syuda iz Giant Forrest. Eti rannii turisti vitsarapali v “flowstone” pod Marble Hall svoyi initsiali—u nih ruki chesalis po portit chtonibud), + seychas mozhno razgladet eti karakuli.
Pohod v pesheru iz Giant Forrest bil ne leghim, zharkim, + dlinim. Ranger Terstegge opisal spusk na pope so sklona v Cascade Creek, kak blizhayshim putem, + samim lutshim otdiham dla nog….

Lindley Eddy, Giant Forest fotograf, bil v peshere v tom zhe godu, i fotografiroval svoy 2oy + 3iy pohod. Ego fotki, k sozhaleniyu, pokazivayut ochen malenkuyu chast Crystal Cave, no eto samiy lutshiy doklad rannih pohodchikov—kogda vse bilo bolee nemeniye eshe ne naporcheno + tolko nedavno otkrito+ v origenale pesheri naydeni. Superintendent Fry bil ochen udevlen + ogarchen chto v techeniye neskolkih mesyatsov, nekotoriye stalaktiti bili otlomani. K Oktyabru, emu bilo prikazono ogoradit pesheru tak horosho, chto bi nekton ne mog ne perelest ili probratsa, chto bi sohranit vnutreniye sokrovisha, poka bi on sam ne smog provodit turistov + nabludat nad nimi chto bi takiye kak Raya ne stoshili stalaktitov. Posle togo kak Fry poshel na pensiyu, ili vernulsa obratno v obshestvo ludey, ego zamestil Colonel John White, I on prodolzhal Fryovskiye trudi, pitayas sobrat dengi na predohroneniye delikatnih stalaktitov I speleothem. V 1926, Congressman Phil Swing bil v peshere I predlazhil svoyu pomosh. Colonel White pitalsa otkrit perviye meskolkih komnat pesheri dla posititeley, no Directorskiy Office v Washington emu zapretil, potamuchto boyalis chto publika zahochet vse naportit i vezde nagadit.
Fry pisal v 1925 pro etu pesheru v ego zapisyah “Nature Notes” :
Kazhiy stalaktit otlechayetsa ot drugovo, oni bogati I zamechatelinye, v tsvetah, formah, i razmerah. V nekotarih chyastah pesheri, stalaktiti svesayut s potolka v bolshih massah, nekotoriye tolstiye i tupiye, a drugiye ostriye kak igli (ne kak listya). Nekatoriye svesayut s potolka, pohozhiye na porteri. Drugiye kak symmetricheskiye grecheskiye kolonni.

Dalshe v tom desyatiletiye, rabota nad Crystal Cave priblizhalas, nachalas. V 1929, Stock Market provolilsya, I nachyalas Velikaya Dipressiya. Ludi poteryali svoyu rabotu, dom, ili fermi. 25% bili bez raboti, a drugih 25% Amerikansov tolko mogli nayti Part-Time rabotu. V kontse kontsov, federal government, pod rukovodstvom Franklin Roosevelta, otkliknulsya. Congress pitalsa uleghchit narodu zhisn. Civilian Conservation Corps, CCC, bila pohozha na military, eta programa prenimala ludey katorim nuzhna bila rabota I oni stroyali vsyakiye publichniye mesta, relsi, i prevodila goroda v poryadok. Eti Muzhchini v CCC (“see-see-see”, ne “es-es-es”) poluchyali ochen malenkuyu zarplatu, I usloviya u nih bili tyazheliye, no u nih bila nad golovoy krisha, I oni mogli soderzhat svoi semya, +, oni ne dolzhni bili platit za svoye zhilye (naverno eti muzhchini zhili vmeste v kakihto komunalnih kvartirah, pod rukovodstvom CCC programmi…)

Perviy CCC campus v sekvoyah poyavilsa v 1933, gde Potwisha Campground nahoditsa sevodna, tam gde sliyaniye Marble and Middle forks of the Kaweah. Skoro, mnogo potchti-zabitih projectov dla razviteya goroda bili soversheni etimi muzhchinmi iz CCC. CCC storili darogi nad Shepherd Saddle I k Hidden Springs. Oni zakonchili General’s highway kogda oni dobavili kamenniye steni, водосточная канава, I tratuari.

Oni perestroili Mineral King Road. Oni postroili ili pochenili bolee chem 100 zdaniy, 50 tualetov (restrooms) posadili bolshe chem. 50,000 kustov, I mnogo drugih projectov vipolneli do togo kak CCC zakrilos nachalom Vtoroy Merovoy Voini.

V 1935, vse Chamers of Commerce v Tulare County reshili chto nuzhno nachinat razvitiya v Crystal Cave (pro katoruyu poka perevodila slovo v slova prediduyshiy paragraph zabila). Kongressmen Albert Carter, bivshiy resident Three Rivers, pobival v peshere v Oktyabre, director pisheri poluchil pismo chto publika zhelayet chto bi peshera bila otkrita dla posetiteley. Osenyu, bili prigotovleni Carteru mnozhestvo kart, fotografiy, i metodi podhoda k peshera, i podrobniye trebovonya deneg. Carter v 1937, protolknul Interior Department Appropriations Bill dla sleduyushego goda, katoriy vkluchal $25,000 dla raboti nad Crystal Cave. Posle 20ti let trudov I spor, nakonets, oni dabilis chto bi nad pesheroy nachilis raboti.

Rabota bila trudnaya; nuzhno bilo prolozhit mnogo mil dorogi, dva raznih tualeta, dve vodyaniye sistemi, dva kanala: ( нечистоты, сточные воды; сточная, канализационная труба) , i tropinku k pishere, tropinku vnutri pisheri, elektricheskuyu sistemu, dve sistemi vodi, I sistemu chto bi osveshat pisheru.
Enginer Walter Atwell, katoriy rabotal nad projectami pohozhimi v Calsbad Cavern i Wind Cave National Park, bil nanyat nad nadsmotrom razvitiya projectov v Crystal Cave. K Mayu 1938, muzhchini dvigali EQUIPMENT po postroinim tropinkam k pishere. Tachki, meshki tsementa, drilli, dynamit, ostriye chtuki katorimi otbivayut kuski kamnya (v formi serpa), kerosinoviye lampi, svechi, 2000 gallona binzina, eda, palatki, voda, bili privolocheni ko vhodu pesheri. Eliktricheskiy provod bil postroyen dla spetsialnih variantov pogodi, v chetire dlini, kazhdiy kusov v 1600 feet, I ne mog bil prorezan. V Oktyabre, 45 muzhchin obvernuli etot provod vokrug sebya dvazdi, I odin za drugim, v ryad, pronosili v chetire raznih pohoda, kazhdiy pohod bil 2 mili v rostoyaniya. (top page 63). Drugiye rabochiye, s pomoshu zhivotnih pritashili 168 tonnov materialov k Crystal Cave do togo kak project poshel v deystviya.
S pomoshu dinamita, CCC snimali s pisheri chyasti katoriye im meshali. Drugiye mesta oni napolnyali I vozvishali drugiye mesta, naprimer Organ, Dome, and Fault komnati, i v Marble Hall. Stena i napolneniye v Junction Room pomenyala pohod para katoriy dvigalsa v pishere na uzkiy kanal (razve eto ne opasno???). Material chem. oni napolnyali I menyali vnutrenost pesheri sostoyal iz sloya naleta vozle pesheri iz rechki, mestechko blizko k Dome Room, I gde mnogo dinamitskih vzrivov sluchyalis ryadom s Fault i Curtain komnat. Tropinki oni delali iz plotno nabitoy zemli, gravel, peska, I tsementa.

Nekotoriye muzhchini perezimoovali tam s dekabrya 1938 do yanvarya 1939, I prodolzhali rabotat nad tropinkami I svetam. Bil “stub camp” iz neskolkih polatok katoiy bil postavlin chut chut nizhe togo mesta gde Yucca and Cascade Creeks soyedinyalis. Plani dla stroitelstva elektricheskoy systemi I sveta bilil prolozheni okola Marta 1939, I thisyachi feetov etogo tolstovo-na-dva-incha-v-shirenu provoda bili prolozheni po pesheri. Tsement, metalicheskiye podderzhki i duzheni feetov dirok bili prosverlini skvoz kamni, i vse eto bilo nuzhno dlya togo chto bi spryatat lampachki, katoriye bi osveshali pesheru. V nachale hoteli izpolzovat silu generatera I vodi dla elektrichestva, no izza budgeta, reshili shto tolko s generatorom oboydutsa. Kogda rabota bila zakonchena, Marbe Hall, bil osveshen dramatichno na treh urovnyah, kazhdiy dalshe ot platformi dla posetiteley, I v itoge, zritel videl osveshenih 150 feetov v tu glubinu kuda ne puskali publiku hodit.

Obichno, rabochii bili molodimi, energichnimi muzhchinami, I mnogii iz nih dedavno priehali v Kaliforniu shto bi izbezhat Dust Bowl tritsatih godov (1930’s), zasuhu v sredney Amerike (Oklahoma, t.d.) Nad projectom Crystal, oni rabotali kak nekogda…bil dlya nih sovershenno noviye ispitaniye. Oni polzali po pershere, nahodili noviye prohodi, razchishali, I v etoge, nashli izumitelniy verhniy etazh Crystal Cave. Verhniye tunelki v peshere bili ne takie ogromnie kak Glavniye, o kotorih mi govarili ranshe, no vsye ravno, tam bilo mnogo stalaktitov, krasivih sten izukrashenih v “disk shaped shields”—Ya ne uverena esli eto bili shields, kak shitti Indeytsev, ili sloya na stennah--, I ploos, tam naverhu bil krasiviy goluboy boseyen. Dalshe, tuneli peresekalis, krutilis, suzhalis, I nakonets, muzhchini vipolzli iz diri v bolshoye pomeshenie “Phosphorescent Room”, katoraya 50 feet v dlinu, 30 feet v shirinu, i 10 feet v visotu.
Ploskiy pol etovo pomesheniya iz peska i kamney, a potolok imeet mnozhestvo stalaktitov I “shields”. Nazvana pishera Phosphorescent Room, potamuchto (kak ya bi sama vam mogla obyasnit) potamu chto kamen naturnalno osveshaetsa (escent =svet).
Chleni CCC ne prosto rabochii v kakoyto peshere neponyatno gde—oni bili otkrivateli I pervoprohodtsi.

Landscape Architect (architektor peizazh) Howard Fowler pridumal Spider Web Gate v Jyanvare 1939. K Marty, Jim Roland nachal storiyit vorota eti iz sognutih chastey stalinovo metala (steel metal). Eti kuski stali, bili razlozheni v takom designe kakoy bi ne doval im gnutsa ili lomatsa. Vorota vesyili 300 poundov, a pauk, v ih seredine, vsego 19 poundov. Perevozit vse materiali dla vorot na mesto postoyanovo prozhivaniya, bilo ne leghko. Derevyaniye rami s mnogimi ruchkami bili postroyeni dla ne-sobranih kuskov etogo projecta, i dazhe 6 muzhchinam bilo tyazhelo odnu ramu peretaskivat s odnovo mesta na drugoye. Vorota perevizli na mesto Crystal Cave v ranyem June, no bila sobrana vozle Cascade Creek, i nemnozhechko popravlena chto bi ona mogla pomestitsa udobno v to mesto (entrance passage) kuda eyo nakonetsto postavili. Spider Web Gate (vorota) bili ustanovlini 50 feet vnutri Crystal Cave v seredine leta.

K June, nachalas postroyka tualetov I komnat dla generatora elektrichestva, vnutri West Entrance pesheri. Mnogo kubicheskih footov tverdovo quartzite bili proshli cherez protses каменоломня (steni). Noviye steni bili postroyeni, I pomesheniya bili razdeleni na murzhskiye, zhenskiye, I generatorskiye komnati, a pol pesheri bil virovnen I pokrit tsementom, I k etomu tsementu generator bil prisobachen ochen plotno. Eshe oni zaplanirovali chto bi otkrit pesheru dla publiki k pervomu July, no zaderzhki v dostonavleniya generatora k peshere bilo otlozheno do Avgusta, a potom do pozdnego Sentyabrya. Nakonetsto, peshera otkrilas v 1940 vesnoy. Letom 1939, kogda vse ludya Ameriki zdali otkritiya pesheri, I o ney pisalos v mnogih gazetah. Fotografii vnutrenosti pesheri poyavilis v gozetah v mestah pod nazvaniyam Viaslia i Fresno.

V Oktyabre, dieselgenerator (kompanii Caterpillar), po chyastyam vyehal v pesheru. Dla etogo generatora, samiye tyazheliye materiala iz vsey etoy vozni bili vnesyani v pesheru. Rabota peredvezheniya generatora po uzkoy, krutoy, kamenistoy tropinke k peshere bila vsuchena bednim muzhchinam CCC. Bolshiye chyasti bili peredvizheni na kolyesah, verevki bili privyazani k blizhayushim derevyam I k visokim kamnyam chto bi obarudovanye (?)—equipment—ne kosilsya ili ne padal vniz sklonov. 59 muzhchin iz Yukka Creek Camp tselih 5 dney chto bi vse kuski generatora dovezti v novo-postoyenuyu generatorskuyu komnatu.

Rabochim bilo strogo skazono chto bi oni rabotali okuratno I slyedili chto bi bednih speleothem I drugih izumitelnih naturnalnih chastey pesheri ne narushit. Dynamitskiye vzrivi bili opasni dla nezhnih stalaktitov, etc, I rabochii ispolzovali malenkiye charges chto bi umenshit risk etim formatsiyam, sebe, I vnutreniy balans pesheri (chto bi ona ne razrushilas nad nimi, chto bilo bi smertelno). V 1941 vazhniye ludyi katoriye sideli v offisah i vse proveryali (kak babki na telephone v Plamer Parke proveryayut chto bi Raya vovremya prihodila na svoy klass angliyskovo) napisali chto ne odin stalagtit ili stalaktit nebil sloman vo vremya vsevo projecta I stoyitelstva, I chto ni odin vzriv ne narushil stabilnost sten ili potolkov Crystal Cave.

The World Comes To Crystal Cave.
Crystal Cave stal vazhnoy chastyu semeynih puteshevstviy v etot rayon. Randy Swanson, (o katorom ya ne budu pisat, potamuchto on pol stranitsi raskazivayet cho zhil v rentovanom dome nomer 64 v Giant Forest so svoimi Babushkoy I Dedushkoy v detstve, I chto u nego est gruzovik, I mnogo nostalgii,) I mnogiye drugiye ludi lubyat Crystal Cave I vozyat tuda svoih detey uzhe bolshe chem. 60 let s otkritiya pesheri. Enthusiasm ludey I ih detey delayet Crystal Cave samoy lubimoy pesheroy Kalifornii. Peshera bila previdena v poryadok dla togo chto bi ludi mogli prihodit I lubovatsa na zabavniye, izumitelniyi bogatsva Sequoia and Kings Canyons.

May 29, 1940, Crystal Cave otkrilyas dla publiki. V perviy god, posetititeli peshkom shli 5 mil ot Colony Mill Road chto bi uvidet zakonchenuyu (prevedenuyu v poryadok) pesheru. 10 August, bileti dolzhni bili bit kupleni vzroslim za 40 tsentov kazhdiy. K tomu vremini kak pesheru zakrili September 8, vsego 15,301 ludey pobivali v peshere. Noviy Superintendent Eivind T. Scoyen napisal v gazetu chto on ochen davolen chto ludi uvazali pesheru I chto ochen blagadorit publiku chto neo din stalaktit ili stalagmit ne slomalsa. Gidi pesheri bili ochen radi prinemat uchastya v takoy rabote, tak kak publika ne utruzhnyala ih rabotu plohim povedeniyam.

Posledniy project nad vsem etim bilo postroyit novuyu dorogu ot Colony Mill Road v parking lot pered pesheroy. Congessional House Appropriations Committee ochen serdilsa na teh kto eshe etu dorogu ne postroyil k tomu vremeni March 1940 s nineshnim budgetom. Vo vremya ih nedovolstva, bili spori na chet togo stroyit dorogu voobshe ili net. V rannih godah stroyeniya, E. Lowell Summer Jr. i ego drug Jason S. Dixon iz NPS Wildlife Division pisali chto tropinka bila ochen miloy, unikalnoy, special, i doberatsa peshkom po ney k miloy, unikalnoy, i special peshere bil samiy kaif. Oni boyalis chto doroga brinesyet vred gornim lvam, ribakam, i ptitsam rayona. No politicheskim dvezheniyam svazanim s pesheroy bilo naplivat nashet takih melachey. Tem bolee, Congress hotel chto bi raz oni dali dengi, doroga bila postroyena. Dve raznih polozheniya dla doroge bili predlozheni: odna iz Colony Mill Ranger Station vokrug ridge i v Yucca Creek Canyon do togo mesta gde slivayutsa Yucca i Cascade Creek. Eta doroga bi bila horosha potomuchto ona bi otgorozhdala dva kuska lesa katoriye mogli zagoretsa v pozhare I tak ona bi ostanovila pozhar ot odnoy goreloy chasti k toy katoraya bi eshe ne gorela. Drugoye predlozheniya polozheniya trebovalo chto bi doroga nachenalas vishe v lesu хвойное дерево i prodolzhala koroche rastoyaniye cherez Black Oak Trail do ridge chut vishe Cascade Creek. Superintendent Scoyen bisto reshil chto on ne hotel chtobi doroga podhodila pryamo k otverstiyam pesheri ne zavisima ot togo kakoye predlozheniya polozheniya dorog bilo bi ispolzovanno. Vozle vhoda v pesheru, kanyon prosto naprosto slizhkom uzok I krut dlya dorogi. Iza budgeta, vibrali v etoge po koroche plan, toyst vtoroy. September 9, 1940, stoyitelstvo nachalos nad dorogoy—samiy den posle togo kak sama peshera bila zakrita na zimu. December 16, sneg zastavil stroyitelstvo ostanovitsa, no 90% dorogi bilo uzhe vistroyeno. Opyat rabota nachalas May 1941. June 30, doroga I parking lot bili sovershenno zakoncheni, I novaya tropinka ot parking lota ko vhodu pisheri bila otkrita August 10. Poltora sizona bilo vse otkrito dla publiki v tom godu, I posetiteli dolzhni bili tolko pol mili idti peshkom do vhoda. Vse vmeste, vkluchaya zarplatu CCC rabochim, spetsialnosti vsyakiyi, problemi, doroga, I tropinki, svet, i t.d. stoyalo $95,000.

V August 1941, odin hudozhnik iz Los Angelesa, Conrad Schlum, otlomal malenkiy stalaktit ot potolka pesheri. Naturalisti bili ochen ozabocheni I shokirovanni etim nebrezhnim i zhadnim postupkom I Schluma poprosili v sud. Sudya bil Superintendent Fry katoriy sluzhil do Scoyena. Sclum skazal Fryu chto emu bilo ochen stidno chto ego obvenili v takom postupke I chto voobshe on ne spetsiyalno otlamal etot stalaktit (mozhet bit on bil ochen viskokiy I ispolsoval takuyu chush kak argument). Vitoge, emu dali straf $50, ili 25 dney v turme. Fresno Bee gazeta napisala chto Schlum, u katoroga bila horoshaya reputatsiya, polzovolsa svoyim horoshim imenyem chto bi tak leghko otdelatsa. Superintendent Fry umer v tom November v 82 goda. Chut ranshe v tom godu, umer Cassium Webster (katoriy so svoyim tovarishem Alexom obnaruzhil pesheru v 1918om godu).

Velikaya Depressia predala bolshiye problemi USA i miru, no eshe bolshe problemi bili v peredi. December 8, 1941, Amerika voshla v voynu s Japan posle attaki na Pearl Harbor Naval Base den do etogo, December 7. Crystal Cave i parki vokrug ostalis otkritimi vo vremya Voyni. Pesheri i krasota vokrug eyo otvlekali ludey ot trevog v strane i ostalnogo mira. Mnogiye rangers bili zapisani v armiyu, i rabochiya sila parka umenshilas v ranih 40vih godah. Ekskursii v pesheru bili ochen limitirovaniye, osobenno letom 1943 i 1944, kogda oni tolko provodilis po Sredam i po Voskreseniyam. Ratsii na benzin (mashinam?) ostanavlival mnogih ludey ot takih putevak v eti rayoni i parki. Tolko neskolko tisyach ludey kazhdiy voenniy god poseshyali Crystal Cave, no mnogiye iz nih bivshiye soldati i te katoriye uzhe prosluzhili. V 1946, bolshe chem 35,000 ludey vernulis k peshere (voyna zakonchilas). V tu zimu, kakoyta idiot i bestizhiy chelovek vlomilsa v pesheru, i vse zosral, otlomal mnogiye stalaktiti v Dome Room, i posle etogo, metodi sekuriti bili ustanovlini i ulutcheni v pesheri. V 1940s i v 1950s, toori zahodili v pesheru 6 raz v den, 5 dney v nedelu ot pozdnego June do rannego September.

V 1957, i 1958, noviy Superintendent Thomas Allen poprobival noviy experiment. Publika bila otpushena v pisheri bez ohrani i bez exkursovodov, i tudzhe poyavilis problemi. Rangeri obnaruzheli chto bolshe chem 12 formations bili otlomanni i poluchili 58 zhalob ot touristov chto netu exkursiy s gidom. Allen organizooval sobraniya so vsemi kto bil svyazan s pesheroy v Giant Forest chto obsudit problemu. On ne poslushal rangerov, i razreshil prodolzhit ludyam shlyatsa bez prismotra po peshere. Pesheru prodolzhali ludi portit. William Stephenson iz NSS napisal chto esli Allen ne vozmet pesheru v ruki, to eyo NSS dolzhna budet zakrit. Nakonets, kogda Organ, navernoye samaya krasivaya naturalnaya formatsiya v Crystal Cave bila razrushina posetitelyami to Allen prekrotil svoyi eksperimenti. K schastyu, sohranilis fotografii Organa kogda on bil tseliy.

40,000 ludey prishlo na toori v pesheru v 1958, 45,00 v 1961, i 50,000 prishli 1963, i 65,000 v 1966 (syem let posle togo kak gidoviye eksursii opyat stali provodit tam.
Takiye chisla obyasnyatutsa tem chto peshera teper otkrivalas v rannem June i etot sizon vkluchal Memorial Day Weekend. 11 ekstkursiy v den, dve grupi odnovremenno v peshere. Chto bi bilo dostatochno mesta dla dvuh grup, rangersi veli exkursii po strogomu raspisaniyu, do minuti. Stabilizirovalos chislo posetiteley k 65000 na mnogo let i v July 1967, posetitel po nomeru million (iz vseh exkursiy v historii pesheri) prishel v pesheru. No bili problemi. V prazdniki i vihodnii, bolshe chem 200 chelovek hoteli priezhat, i teper rangeri mogli tolko vesti lektsii v Marbe Hall i pre vhode. Inogda, za den prihodilo bolshe chem 2000 chelovek. Grupi dvigalis po pesheri podchti bez presmotra kak v 1958. Mnogo tak narodu v uzkih prohodah pesheri na krutih spuskah bilo opasno dla vseh, i s parkovkoy bilo huzhe chem na nashem kvartale v vihodnoy. V seredine 1980s, limitirovali kolichestvo ludey do 180. V 1989, do 140 mogli pridti. No takiye pravila bili ignorirovani po vihodnim i prazdnikam chto bi tolpi mogli navestit eto mesto. K 1984, dva milliona chelovek uzhe posetili pesheru. Stali priezhat ludi katoriye bili na vacation chto bi otprazdnivat uhod na pensiyu, i bolshe i bolshe iz Evropi, Asii, i vokrug mira.

V 1991, Organ bil opyat izporchen. Dva muzhika katoriye otpali spetsialno ot gida i svoyey grupi 200 chelovek, perelezli ogradu chto bi sfotografirovat Organ. Odin iz nih podskalznulsya, i otlamal neskolko feet ot uzhe-slomanova Organa. Tolko cherez dva chasa rangeri razobralis chto sluchilos, no vinovatii ubezhali i ih v tolpe ne mogli nayti. Rangeri sobrali kuski raskolotova Organa (speleothem) i sfotografirovali neschastnoye zrelishe. Visalia Times Daily razkritikovala park za etu katastrofu. Parkovskiye glavniye limitirovali teper kalichestvo ludey do 70, razreshaya gidam bolee podrobnee obyasnyat posetitelam exkursiyu i nabludat za huliganami. Eshe, tak budet bezopastee vsem v grupe i rangeram i samoy peshere. Ploos, takie malenkiye kalichestva posetiteley za raz bili pohozhi na teh v drugih Natural Park pesherah. Chto bi zliye, razdrazheniye turisti ne vorchali i ne zhdali na parking lottye, bileti stali tolko prodavatsa v Lodgepole Visitors Center. Novaya komputernaya systema bila nuzhna chto bi organizovat i sledit za biletami, i noviye rabochii i staff bili nanyati. V September 1992, vse vokrug tochno znali ob etoy novoy policy no okolo 13 chelovek v den pitalis prolomitsa i kupit bileti u vhoda (Dedushka Vitalik, ili Israyel Nachinaya s 1994, posle togo kak zakrili pesheru na god dla togo chto bi most postroyit, bileti mogli bi bit kupleni v Ash Mountain Visitor Center, delaya prodazhu biletov bolee udobnoy dla posetiteley is Visalii. 67000 ludey posetili Crystal Cave v 1991, no posle limitirovanih kolichestv ludey v 1992, 54000 prishli.

Sequioia Natural History Association (SNHA) osnavali v 1940, chto bi pomoch NPS s upravleniyam i rabotoy v dvuh parkah. SNHA non-profit, dla obrazovaniya, i ona vipuskayet knigi, dayet lektsii, soprovozhdet research, i pomogaet uchenim materialno, podderzhivayet parkovskuyu gazetu i drugiye interestinye programi. V 1982, bil nedostatok budgeta, i kakayata grupa reshila zakrit pesheru. NPS office soprotivlalsa zakritiyu, John Palmer, Chief Park Interpreter and Executive Director of the SNHA, predlozhil associatsii bit glavnoy nad pesheroy. Milo Jenkins, parkovskiy naturalist i bivshiy contractor radon research projectov v drugih parkovskih pesher, bil postavlin na post managera v Crystal Cave. Odeleniya peshernih opiratsiy ot ostalnova parkadalo SNHA rabochim sosredotochitsa na pesherah kak na geologii, i ne smeshivat ih vazhunyu istoriyu s toy chto u sekvoii. V perviye godi novih razporizheniyah, noviye exkusrsii pootrkivalis, toori dovalis 7 dney v nedelu, i perevodchiki (kak ya) i ucheniye (kak Vi) iz National Parks bili nanyati v Crystal Cave. V 1984, Wild Tours stali provodit. Eti popularniye exkursii vkluchali skolskiye skloni, uzkiye prohodi, i ot chetireh do pyati chasov provozhdeniya v verhnom urovne Crystal Cave, na katoriye nazhi geroyi iz CCC kogdato sluchayno obnaruzhili. No k sozhaleniyu, stariye chasti pesheri ochen bistro portilis—mnogo formatsiy bili otkolati, i pohodnaya tropinka uzhe bila opasna. V 1994, park zakril Pool Room, v katoroy CCC obnaruzhili krasiviy goluboy boseen. Etot prohod vel v Phosphorescent Room, ta katoraya prevlikala vseh turistov. Na odin season, SNHA staff provodili toori cherez Ensatina Entrance, nazvana posle yarko-chyerno-orangzevova salamandera. No prohod bil iz pilnoy zemli, i posetiteli zadihalis. Naturalniy skvoznyak vnutri pesheri dvigal pil s soboy. K 1997, ekskursii provodili v nizhnih urovnyah Crystal i pokrivali novo-obnaruzhenuyu Solstice Lake i malenkiye pomesheniya Catacombs i Shield Room. Eti chyasti pesheri ne takiye krasiviye ili voshetitelniye kak verhniye etazhi, no zato tut stroyeniya pesheri ne takiye delikatniye, i dla nebrezhnih, hodyachih turistov, bilo v samiy raz.

Geology: Part 2: Making Crystal Cave
Naturalnaya Istoriya Crystal Cave, i okruzhayushih pesher Lilburn, Cough, Soldiers, i Palmer, nachelis kogda mramor datronulsya groundwater a kamni i sediments otmitivalis. Vovremya etogo otmivatelnogo protsesa, pesheri nachinayut formirovatsa. Erosions v gorah mogut prinemat razniye formi: Lidnyaki virezayut bolshiye vershini i glubokiye kanyoni. Rechki nesut gruzi sedimenta katoriye sterayut dni etih recheck i stenki beregov. Skloni rastut i stanovyatsa kruche. Ryadom s Crystal Cave, ne bilo nekakih lydnyakov, no chemicheskaya dissolution sterala mramor vdol Yucca i Cascade creeks.

CO2 (carbon dioxide) sushestvuyet v vozduhe i v zemle. Ovo proizvodyat organismi vse: ot bakterii do chervey, i ot chernih medvedey do ludey, kogda eti zhivotniye dishut ili osvapozhdayutsa ot metabolic waste. Dozhd i tayevshiy sneg v zemle smeshivayetsa s Carbon Dioxide i poluchyaetsa Carbonic Acid. Eto naturalniy chemicak. On delayet pepsi kolu i Samuel Light shipyachemi i gazerovku tozhe. Mramor, carbonate rock katoriy bogat kaltsiyami mozhet bit raztvoryen chemicheskoy siloy etogo slabovo carbonic acid. Dozhdivaya voda i tayavshiy sneg, prevrasheniy v carbonic acid, pronikayet cherez sheli kamney i mramora, i million let tak proishodilo vokrug Crystal i drugih pisher.

Podzemnaya voda kapayet, pronikayet ili techet cherez sheli, pori, i promezhutki kamney. Kapli i malenkiye pronikayushiye struyki ne delayut tak mnogo erosion kak tyakushyshiy ruchey katoriy imeyet chemichestkuyu silu carbonic acida i silu unosit kamni i razshiryat pisheru. Crystal Cave bil satvoryen etimi tyakushimyasa ruchyami, katorie unosili kamnushki vnutri ridge of mramora.

Pesheri eto osobeniye chudi prirodi i ih ochen tyazhelo izuchat. Eti protsesi, o katorih mi govarili v predidushih paragrafaf, zanimatut ochen mnogo vremyani, tak kak vse menyaetsa postepenno. Kak posle etih protsesov pishera budet viglyadet zaviset ot pogodi, ot zemli, ot mesta v strane, sila carbonate kamney kak mramor ili известняк (limestone). V etih kamnyah, pesheri sotvoryautsa potamuchto ruchey katoriy techet delayet diru v kamne vse bolshe i bolshe. V Crystal Cave, ploshyad kamnya malenkaya, i voda techet podzemley sravnitelno korotkoye rastoyaniye. Tolko olda ili dve mili odelyaut bolshenstvo karst sinks (rucheyki eti, shto li?) ot istochnikov v Sierra. No v Crystal Cave, eta distantsiya eshe menshe: gdeto 750 feet, kak rastoyaniya mezhdu Yucca i Cascade Creeks. Massa mramora v katoroy izobrozilas Crystal Cave potchti 175 feet v shirinu, v visotu 325 feet nad Cascade Creek i 230 feet nad Yucca Creek (yucca vishe chem Cascade). Uzkaya mramornaya ridge mezhdue etimi dvumya ruchyami menyaetza v shirinu ot 670 do 730 feet. Na kazhdoy starane etogo mramora otlozheniye krasniye mica schist i translucent (prozrachniy) quartzite 500 feet vishe po ruchyu ot pesheri, ryadom s mostom katoriy tyanesta nad Cascade Creek, est obrivi kogdato-goryashevo zhitkovo (molten) granita.

Cave Porosity (pori v peshere)

Perelomi i pori (page 71, poloski i pryamiye perelomi, kartinka) chyasto vstryachayutsa v kamnyah kak sandstone (песчаник), limestone (известняк), marble (mramor), i quartzite, i deystvuyut na formu i sotvoreniya ochen mnogih peshernih prohodah i voobshe formu vshey pesheri.

Intergranular pores (kak na litse, ili prosto tochki, kartinka page 71) nahodyatsa v nekatarih izvestnyakah, osobinno vo Floride.

Bedding (sloya, page 71, kartinka) proishodit v sedimentary rock, i po etim sloyam nas v shkole uchili, chto geologi izuchyayut sloya zemli ot vremenov dinozavrov) nahodyatsa v metamorphic kamnyah. (metamorphic, po etymologii, ya mogu perevesti, kak meta: changing, menyayushivsa morphic: shape, forma). Mnogiye pesheri po vsyamu miru obrazuutsa kogda acidic groundwater pronikayet mezhdu etih bedding/sloyev, i cherez mnogo let, eti vodi razshiryaut sheli cherez katoriye oni tyakut i peshera obrazoovuetsa.

Contacts—mesto mezhdu dvuh teep kamney--obrazovuyutsa kak sloya (beds) v pohozhey peshero-obrazoovahshnoy pornosti (pori). V Sierra, mnogiye iz etih kamney mogli bit povernuti vertikalno ot dvizheniya podzemnih plostov (Earth tectonic plates) (kartinka page 71), i proishodit insoluble (нерастворимый) schist i quartzite v stenah pesher. U Crystal Cave, eti contacts obrozovalis kogda okiyanovskiye zalezhi (deposits) menyautsa iz limy muds (gryaz/glina/(uoil-kak na dne ozera izvestnyaka) v non-limy sand (pesok bez izvestnyaka) i ot blizhayshih vulkanov otmivalas/razmivalas (eroded) osadok/uoil.

PROPUSHEN PARAGRAPH NA PAGE 72, KATORIY OTMECHAN V KNIGE KARANDASHOM, I KATORIY NE IMEET NE MALEYSHEGO OTNASHENIYA K CRYSTAL CAVE>……

Forma pesher zavisit ot togo na skolko ona poristaya (eti promizhutke v kamnyah—tak zhe kak i v kozhe u ludey—zavisit ot prerodi, ot slabosti ili sili kamnya katoriye bi propuskali vodu. O 4 glavnih vidov por ya napisala vishe: perelomi i pori (fracture and joint porodsity), intergranular pores, bedding (sloya) i Contacts.

Crystal Cave ne izobrazilsa vnutri quartzite, a v mramore. Na Schist i quartzite ne deystvuyet carbonic acid katoriy pomog viedat Crystal Cave is mramora. Eti kamni nahodyatsa v stenah pesheri no ne v polu ili v potalke, potamuchto metamorphic (forma-menyayushiye) kamni bili nakloneni vverh kogda podnimalis i peredvigalas Sierra Nevada. Mnogie formo-minyaushiye kamni v Sierra Nevada bili nakloneni vverh: pod 90 gdatusom k polu, ili ochen blisko k etomu, ot ih pervih pozitsiy. Vertikalniye takie kamni nahodyatsa v stenah pesher p Miner King, Sierran crest, Mother Lode arii v tsentralnoy Sierra Nevada. Quartzitniye steni pri vhode v Crystal Cave, i v Junction Room, i v Marble Hall. Pohozhye prohodi nahodyatsa tozhe v Soldiers, Hemp and Hammer, Empire Mine, i Hurricane Crawl pesherah.

Pori vdol Contacts i perelomah chasto vstrechayutsa v Crystal, i vokruh parka.
Vtoroy vazhniy factor katoriy opredelyaet “uzor” peshernih prohodov eto hydrologic recharge.

Recharge: otnositsa k istochniku polu-kislotniy (ACID=KISLOTA, YA TOLKO CHTO OBNARUZHILA) vodi katoraya viedaet pesheru v kamne.
4 vida recharge eto:

Diffuse Water Source: pate 73, naprimer voda pronikayushiya v pori peschyanika mogut izobrazit pesheru.

Water rising from below:, page 73 voda pronikayet iz zemli, s nizu, redko delayet pesheri, no eti pesheri, kogda obrazuyutsa, chyashe vsego ochen bolshiye. Naprimer Calsbad Cavern i Wind Cave, obe v National Parkah.

Sinkholes: page 73 propuskayut vodu v mnogiye malenkiye promezhutki/pesherki po vsey Amreiki, vkluchaya Lilburn i White Chief pesheri v Seqvoii i Kings Canyon. Sinkholes obichno krugliye v forme ili ovalnii, i vedut v glub zemli (kak dira v rakovine водосток; водоотвод) Oni mogut bit neskolko feet v diameter i ne takie glubokiye a mogut bit ochen malenkiye dirki no tisachi feetov pod zemley.

Sinking Streams: page 73 razreshayut vodu podzemley, i delayut pesheri. Chasto oni flood i potopi proishodyat pod zemley. Sinking Streams eto samiy chasto-naydeniy estochnik vodam v pesherah v parke.
Vnutri Crystal, razmer ruchya zaviset ot zasuhi ili naobarot ot dozhdey. Eti ruchya snachala vidneyutsa v melnkih prohodah, i tyanutsa voobshe pochti do Yucca Creek. Oni pod Fault Room, do Junction Room, i skvoz vhod pesheri (yakobi). Nakonets, ruchey techet ot pesheri cherez uzkiy Whitewash Canyon, pod Spider Web Gate, chtoi saidenitsa s Cascade Creek. Inogda, tak mnogo vodi chto eti ruchya otsekayutsa v noviye rucheyki i zmeykoy velyayut vozle glavnogo ruchya. Chasto eti zmeyki prevroshyautsa v kosi novih rucheykov katoriye sami razlivayutsa v noviye zmeyki. Marbe Hall i Dome i Phosphorescent komnati kakbi v seredine etih anastomotic (svazoniye, kak veni v tele) putanits. Karst hydrologists, eto ludi katoriye izuchayut vodyaniye systemi v pesherah, uznayut kak tekla gde voda po sledam na stenah. Oni reshayut kak v drevniye vremena voda tekla gde. Voda ostavlyaet beliye sledi kogda ona techet po poverhnostam, i eti beliye (scallop, ne eda, a navernoye eti beliye protivniye sledi kak u nas na chaynike) venki daut uchenim material izuchat, chto bi oni ne koviyali v nosu. Chem menshe eti sledi, tem bistre tam tekla voda. Voda obichno techet po naprovleniyu krutosti (chem kruche) poverhnost. (PAGE 75) kartinka.

Razniye urovni pesheri obrazovalis ot raznih techeniy vod. Groudwater, podzemniye vodi, vkluchaya pesherniye vodi, mozhet razdelit dve zoni pod zemley (?????) Razniye pesherniye prohodi, katoriye formiruutsa v kazhdoy zone imeut vid i formu katoriye otlichayutsa ot teh v drugoy zone. Urovin water table (????) obichno dvigaetsa vniz, no inogda vverh tozhe, i razdelyaet zoni, i inogda obrazuutsa tochno-razniye etazhi v peshere. Ta chyast pesheri katoraya pod water table nazivaetsa phreatic (otnositsa k vode pod zemley) zone. Tut, kislotnaya voda napolnayet vse promezhutki i sheli v kamne. Razvivayushuyusa prohodi napolnayutsa tozhe vodoy i mogut prodolzhatsa v lubom napravleniye. Preatic prohodi mogut bit bolshimi i chasto krugliye no mogut menyat formu resko. Melkiye phreatic prohodi chasto ploskie no glupokiye sistemi tozhe obrozuyutsa gde prohodi podnimayutsa i padayut kak malenkiye gorki i valli. Vnutri Crystal Cave, ishite primeri takih prohodov v Junction, Dome i Phosphorescent komnatah. Phreatic prohodi oboih sortov mogut bit naydeni v Clough, Panorama i Soldiers pesherah.

Phreatic prohodi konchayutsa kogda struya nahodit promizhutok i vihodit na vozduh. Tak, vtoraya zona, nad water table, nazivayetsa vadose zone, gde vozduh napolnayet prohodi i promezhutki v kamne. Malenkiye struyki mogut protekat po etim bolee-suhim prohodam pesheri. S vozduhom naverhu dvizhuushey vodi, proishodit smivaniya, pod siloy tyazhesti. V takoy situatsii, ruchey v peshere prorezayet bolee i bolee glubzhe v kamne. Uzkiye prohdi, s visokimi, nerovnimi stenami formiruutsa ot etogo. Kusok takovo prohoda nahoditsa vozle vhoda v Crystal, gde ruchey prorezal uzkiy prohod pod pervim mostom po putyu. Vot i poluchyautsa pesheri, iz kombinatsii takih form, prohodov, i raznih izmeneniy v kamne.

Kogda voda pokidayet pesheru, toil ot zasuhi, i t.d., steni pesheri menyautsa ochen medleno, tak kak netu reskovo otmivaniya ot vodi. Formatsii naprimer stalagtiti/stalagmite/speleothemi mogut virosti, ili potalki ili steni mogut upast. Esli dostatochno vremini proydet, a peshera budet zabroshena, to paduushiye formatsii kak stalagtiti mogut savershenno zablokirovat prohod. Otkritiye prohodi iz Yucca Creek, dopustili reskim potopam prinosit pesok, melkiye kamushki, i gryaz vnutor Crystal. V drugiye vremena, voda ne tekla tak svobodno. Mozhet bit ranshe prohodi billi zablokirovani pohozhim sposobam vlomlinih sten, i t.d.. Esli prohod odin zablokirovan, i voda ne mozhet tech, to ruchey nachinaet proedat drugiye chasti ili zataplivat blizhayshiye prohodi.
V Crystal est dokazatelstvo—polki v stenkah—chto voda tekla vzat i v pered cherez poverhnost prizhatih drug-k-drugu sediments (osedayushiye kamni, gryazi na dne reki, etc.) i viedala stenki. Eto zametno ryadom s Spider Web Gate, v Dome Room, i v Marbe Hall. Eti pesheri bolshoye bogatstvo Sierra Nevadnomu rayonu, i oni pomagayut nam izuchat geology, i uznavat noviye izumitelniye fakti istorii Zemli.

Learning from Crystal Cave
Frank Oberhansley, katoriy izuchal pesheru v 1946, dumal chto razniye vhodi v razniye pesheri dayut prichinu povishaniyam Sierra Nevada Mountains, i deystvovali na peizazh (landscape) rayona.
Interesniy kusok mramora v Dome Room pohozh na golovu slona “elephant head” ili nazivayetsa “Dentist’s Nightmare” (uzhas dantista). Tut, gorizontalnaya polosa bila viedenna v stene rucheykom. Voda tekla vniz mezdu kamenoy stennoy i sediment, delaya prorezi v kamne katoriye esli otstupit na neskolko shagov, izobrozhayut golovu slona, ili kriviye zubi. Kamen za etoy formatsiyoy bil vieden, i etot krivoy zub ili golova slona visit sama po sebe, kakto viperayet ot kudota…

U Crystal navernoye 4 gorizontalnih urovnya, katoriye navernoye otnosotsya k prezhnem visotam raznih rucheykov vokruh pesheri. Dr. Greg Stock, govarit chto v pesherah est veroyatnost nayti kosti, ili pseleothemi i sediment katoriih mogut protestirovat, i uznat ih vozrast, i mozhno ot etogo uznat skolko let peshere. V Crystal Cave netu nikakih magnitnih peremenah. Mozhet bit 788,000 let nazad glinoviye urovni mogli bili bit nalozhani (Kakie glinoviye urovni???????) Malenkie kuski cacite speleothems, osobenno stalagmite, mogut bit analizirovanny chimicheski chto bi uznat ih vozrast. Oni formirovalis iz kaltsiy i carbonate, no vse speleothemi imeyut “zapoh” (hotya bi lezhali blisko) s drugimi elementami kak uranium. Postepenno, ne stabilniy uranium-238 vidayot radiatsiyu i menyaetsa v thorium, nachinaya noviye protsessi. Geologi nazivayut etot protses, Uranium Series Dating, nahodit vozrast ot blizhaushih elementov chto bi opredelit vozrast pesehri. Polovina Uranium 234 prevroshayetsa v thorium-230, za 245,000 let. Te chto vibrani iz Crystal Cave vozrastom 130,000 let ot 118 feet, 140,000 let ot 46 feet, i 7000 let 21 feet vishe chem Cascade Creek.
Dr. John Tinsley i Dr. Barney Szabo nashli chto catacombs v Crystal, 43 feet vishe ruchya bili 10,000 let v vozraste, namnogo menshe chem Dr. Greg Stocka obrazets kamna v 46 feet. Hotya goda menshe nizhe v peshere, netu tochnoy kartini vozrasta etih prohodov i etazhey v pesherah. Stalagmiti tolko virostayut posle togo kak prohodi uzhe virezalis, i posle togo kak aktivnaya voda peredvinulas na Nizhniy uroven pisheri, no oni mogut formirovatsa v luboye vremya posle etogo. Uceniye hotyat nayti vozrast etih prohodov, no chashe vsego, oni tolko nahodyat vozrast stalagtitov i drugih formatsiy.

Boseen katoriy nahoditsa okola Organa, bil aktivniy 22,000 let nazad, vovrema poslednego lednyakovova periuda. Ogromniye lednyaki pokrivali Sierra. Led bil takoy tyazholiy i ogromniy, chto ego ves dvigal gori, i sotvaril naklon Sierra Mountains na vostok. Led tayal gdeto mezhdu 15,000 i 9,000 let nazad, davaya goram tolchek i upori dvigatsa vverh.

Sovsem eshe nedavno, ucheniye ne imeli tochnih kart rayona i peshernih prohodov. Tolko okuratniye ucheti mogut pomoch s nahodkami kostey, ili derzhat recordi visot Dr. Greg Stocka stalagmitov, ili mesta redkih mineralov. Pervaya karta Crystal, nacherchena nashemi muzhchinami iz CCC bila zdelana tolko dla postroyki svetovih/lampochnih prohodov. Eti karti ne ochen podrobinii, i ne pokrivayut tseluyu pesheru. Pozhe, karti ot 1950s i 1960s vkluchali rabotu Tom Rohrer, Ellis HEdlund i drugih parkovskih rangerov. Oni nachertili dve nezakoncheniye karti i ostavili na stenah Crystal sledi na teh mestah iz katorih oni dostavali chasti dla testov. Eti karti bili bez ditaley, no ih testi bili horosho provedeni i pravilnuyu informatsiyu oni vovadili. V tselom, 5000 feet pesheri oni napisali na karte, no bolshaya chast pesheri ne na karte.
V 1994, nachalis podrobniye raboti nachertit kartur Crystal. Volonteri pomogali i mnogo peshero-lubiteley katoriye yavlalis uchenimi. K kontsu 1995, bolshe chem 9000 feet pesheri bili nacherchini i izuchini. Eshe 4000 feet dobavilis v 1996om godu. Project bil bolee nemeniye zakonchin k 1997, i vkluchal 15,000 feet Crystal na karte i v dokumentah.

Plain map: eto peshera kak buto bi vid s verhu, imeet 3 lista. Drugiye listi pokazivayut pesheru v profel, i na izkasok, t.d., i eshe karta prohodov. Est karti katoriye dokumentirovayut provoda, svetoviye provozhdeniya, elektricheskiye fintiflushki, i dazhe historicheskiye podpisi the katoriye ostavili svoyi initsiali v kamne, i dazhe teh indeetsov. Nekotoriye karti prosto pokazivayut pohod Wild Tours, te prohodi po katorim posetiteli kogdato bili provedeni. Drugaya karta dla prodazhi touristam ili prosto interesuushimsa posetitelyam. Bil kakoyta konkurs NSS v Sewanee, Tennessee, i nakatoriye karti etoy pesheri viigrali kakieto National prizi.

Birds Bugs and Bats: Ptitzi, Bukashki, i Lituchii Mishi.
Pered Spider Web Gate vhodom v Crystal est gustoy kanyon s vodo-lubyashami rosteniyami, vodapadami, tsvetami, koltso-hovostovimi kotami (ring-tailed cats), fence lizards (yasheritsi) i mnogo ptits. Malusenkiye wrens (крапивник) litayut v vozduhe nad kanyonom, a letom, kogda oni teryayut visotu, oni svistyat ochen zabavno. Eti prtisti lubat kamni, i inogda vyut gnezdoshki v kamenih karmanah vozle vhoda v pesheru, k udovolsviyu turistam, no k smerti svoim ptenchikam. K pozdnimu June, nekotoriye, vizhivshiye ptenchiki prisoyedinyayutsa k svistam svoim roditelyam. Potamuchto tak mnogo etih ptichek, est pishera v parke katoraya imeet nozvaniye posvesheno im. Eshe ryadom s Crystal zhivut jet-black ravens: cherniye voroni (udareniya na pervoye ‘o’)
Eti voroni ochen umniye, bolshiye, i bili popularniye vokrug Crystal v 1997 (kniga kazhetsa 2003 goda).

Kaliforniyskiye lituchiye mishi edyat ogromniye kalichestva nasikomih, vkluchyaya komarov, moley, i ferma-razrushayushey mashkari. Dnem oni vesyat verh nogami i spyat…Letuchii mishi redko vidni na ekskursiyah i navernoye nekogda ne poyevlyautsa v bolshih kalichestvah, no mnogo raznih sortov etih mishey kogdata zhili ili zhivut v Crystal. Dazhe est lituchii mishi blondinki, pushistiye kak Kotya, no s dlinimi blednimi ushami, katoriye im pomogayut nahodit skorpionov na polu na obed.
Little Brown Bat samiye razprostraneniye v Amerike i osobenno v Crystal. Est redkiye Townsend’s Big-Ear Bats. Oni chocoladnovo tsveta, a v razkritom vide, ih krilya bolshe chem 12 inchey v dlinu. Ogromniye ushi 3 inchey v dlinu, i oni edyat moley, kamarov, i druguyu nochnuyu moshkaru tisyachami!

V peshere mnogo chervyakov, isopods, millipedes, beetles, bugs, centipedes, i paukov. K sozhaleniyu, dazhe esli Crystal yavlyaetsa odnoy iz bolshih pesher, zhizn vney ne takaya bogataya kak mogla bi bit.

Chasto vidni Nesticus silvestrii pauki. Oni pletut malenkiye pautinki v vertikalnih polozheniyah, i ih mozhno nayti po vsem pesheram v parke. Beliye, troglobotic (zhivut v sovershenoy temnote, bez untsii solnechnogo sveta) millipedes imeyut duzhen i duzhen nog, redkiye, no vsye ravno poyavlyautsa v Crystal i v blizhayushih pesherah. Vse eti byaki ochen miliye, inogda slipiye, delikatniye, i ochen na nih deystvuyet peremena v chistote. Oni edyat tolko naturalnoye—listiki, palochki ot vetochek, i ochen reagiruyut na izmineniye v vode, i t.d. Pauchki Pioma bolshiye, blistyashiye, cherniye s karichnevimi pyatnami zhivut v Crystal. Muzhchini CCC otabrali u paukov territoriyu chto bi postroyit tualeti i komnati dla generatora/elektrichestva. V 1950’s etu komnatu osvabodili, i teper etot power plant/generator/elektricheskaya korobka stait v parking lote.

Crystal cave ochen doroga Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parkam potamuchto ona izumitelna, krasiva, i dayet prohladnoye pomesheniya v zharkiye letniye dni.

URAAAAAAAAAAAAAA. KONETS…

FIN!

It has been exactly one month since my birthday!
This is very exciting, especially since I noticed only a minute ago, and it's already evening. Only 11 months to go until I age again!
I can't wait till I retire.
That will be a birthday to celebrate:-)